Common pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) is the most common form of hair loss in humans. In Caucasians, normal male hair loss, commonly known as "male pattern baldness", is noticeable in about 20% of men aged 20, and increases steadily with age, so that a male in his 90s has a 90% chance of having some degree of male pattern baldness. In addition to being among the most common natural conditions that make men self-conscious, recent studies indicate associations of male pattern baldness with:
(1) benign prostatic hyperplasia; odds ratio (OR)=3.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.81–5.79)
(2) coronary heart disease (relative risk=1.36; 95% CI: 1.11–1.67)
(3) hyperinsulinemia (OR=1.91; 95% CI: 1.02–3.56); and
(4) insulin-resistance-associated disorders, such as obesity; OR=2.90; 95% CI: 1.76–4.79), hypertension; OR=2.09; 95% CI: 1.14–3.82), and dyslipidemia (OR=4.45; 95% CI: 1.74–11.34).
MBP is also a risk factor for clinical prostate cancer; relative risk=1.50; 95% CI: 1.12–2.00).
Although it is a widely accepted opinion that common baldness is an autosomal dominant phenotype in men and an autosomal recessive phenotype in women, or indeed that baldness is genetically influenced, it is based on surprisingly little empirical data. Here we grade MBP, in 476 monozygotic (MZ) and 408 dizygotic (DZ) male twin pairs aged between 25 and 36 y and find a heritability of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77–0.85), thus confirming that genetic effects play a major part in the progression of common hair loss.
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